Medallion carpet, any floor covering on which the decoration is dominated by a single symmetrical centrepiece, such as a star-shaped, circular, quatrefoiled, or octagonal figure. The name, however, is sometimes also given to a carpet on which the decoration consists of several forms of this kind or even of rows of medallion figures.

Among Persian carpets, particularly those of the classic period, the medallion may represent an open lotus blossom with 16 petals as seen from above, a complex star form, or a quatrefoil with pointed lobes. Toward each end of the carpet there may be added to this centrepiece a cartouche form (an oval or oblong ornate frame), placed transversely, and a finial or pendant that sometimes is very large. In each corner of the field there may appear a quarter-medallion, which may or may not have the same contour and the same appendages as the central medallion. Such combinations are still used in the decoration of modern Persian carpets.

Among the 15th- and 16th-century Mamlūk carpets of Egypt, star, octagonal, and octofoiled centrepieces were preferred, without the other elements mentioned. In Ottoman Turkish and Egyptian classic carpets, the lobed circle was the most common medallion form, as it is in more recent Chinese carpets. Ottoman weavers used the quarter-medallion cornerpiece, but the Chinese preferred to balance against the central figure complete smaller roundels near the corners.

European carpet designers of the 18th and 19th centuries invented fanciful new medallion contours, often including architectural elements and other Renaissance details. Their products have found imitators in commercial carpets from several Persian centres and from India and Japan.